Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Are you bored thinking about Gratitude this season? Blow your spiritual brain and read Gayelinn's talk.

Jim was appalled that he had seen a brown eyed child from two blued eyed parents and figured the mother must have been sleeping around, when it is possible because eye color is not controlled by a single gene. Single genes are easy to teach. Double genes are a nightmare. So since eye color is interesting to students we simplify things down to a single dominant recessive style gene. @ I researched it and printed this off for him: https://genetics.thetech.org/how-blue-eyed-parents-can-have-brown-eyed-children
One gene comes in two versions, brown (B) and blue (b). The other gene comes in green (G) and blue (b). All eye color and inheritance was thought to be explained by this simple model. Except of course for the fact that it is obviously incomplete.
The model cannot, for example, explain how blue eyed parents can have a brown eyed child. Yet this can and does happen (although it isn’t common).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Two of the most important genes in eye color are OCA2 and HERC2. Both come in versions that can cause blue eyes. And they need each other to work. (In genetics, a relationship like this is called epistasis.)
These two facts provide one explanation for how blue eyed parents can have a brown eyed child. To understand how, a little genetics refresher course is in order.
People have two copies of most of their genes. They get one copy from mom and one copy from dad.
These genes can come in different versions (or alleles). For the sake of this discussion, we will say that OCA2 comes in brown (O) and blue (o) versions. Reality is actually a bit more complicated and this will be dealt with in the second article of this series.
HERC2 also comes in two different versions, brown (H) and blue (h). Since people have two copies of each gene, there are nine different possible genetic combinations. They are:
Only this combo can do it:

What it really says is that it is a one in a million chance. He was quick to translate that into 350 in the united states. Don’t you love it!
11/23 Saturday.
My sister in Ogden told me of her fear and trepidation last week as she prepared this talk for her ward and how she felt she needed to get personal but wanted to keep it doctrinal. She gave in and added the personal.


**Gayelinn's talk**:
GRATITUDE
I am grateful to be given the opportunity to speak today. I pray that the Holy Ghost will accompany me, and that the Spirit of the Lord will rest upon us in Power and Abundance.
I would like to begin by reading Jesus’ parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard found in Matthew 20:1-15.
“1 For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which went out early in the morning to hire labourers into his vineyard.
2 And when he had agreed with the labourers for a penny a day, he sent them into his vineyard.
3 And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace,
4 And said unto them; Go ye also into the vineyard, and whatsoever is right I will give you. And they went their way.
5 Again he went out about the sixth and ninth hour, and did likewise.
6 And about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing idle, and saith unto them, Why stand ye here all the day idle?
7 They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard; and whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive.
8 So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first.
9 And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every man a penny.
10 But when the first came, they supposed that they should have received more; and they likewise received every man a penny.
11 And when they had received it, they murmured against the goodman of the house,
12 Saying, These last have wrought but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden and heat of the day.
13 But he answered one of them, and said, Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a penny?
14 Take that thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even as unto thee.
15 Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil, because I am good?”

When I was praying about how the Lord would like me to present a talk on Gratitude, I immediately opened my scriptures to this parable. In the margin I have written, “Gratitude = Enough for All” and “Never Compare.”
We often hear the quote in General Conference: Comparison Is the Thief of Joy. This is saying is attributed to Theodore Roosevelt.

If you notice in the parable, in verse 2, the first Laborers hired agree to work for a penny a day. In verse 4, the Householder tells the next laborers hired “and whatsoever is right, I will give you.” To the last laborers in verse 7 he tells them to work, “and whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive.”

As we move through experiences in life, are we able to trust God that He is giving us whatsoever is right? Do we receive with gratitude whatsoever is right?

D&C 78:17 “Verily, verily, I say unto you, ye are little children, and ye have not as yet understood how great blessings the Father hath in his own hands and prepared for you;
18 And ye cannot bear all things now; nevertheless, be of good cheer, for I will lead you along. The kingdom is yours and the blessings thereof are yours, and the riches of eternity are yours.
19 And he who receiveth all things with thankfulness shall be made glorious;”

I am so grateful for Our Father’s Plan. As I was considering all the many things I am thankful for this week, it was a wonderful experience. The Gospel, Our Savior, His Atonement & Grace, My Children, Priesthood Power, Covenants, Temples, Scriptures, Prophets, The Holy Ghost, Revelation & Gifts of the Spirit, Food, Clothes, Shelter, This Beautiful Earth, My Body & Gift of Life, Friends, Talents, Knowledge…

All these are Gifts to me because of the Plan of Salvation. Most of us are familiar with 2 Nephi chapter 2. It is where Lehi explains God’s Plan to his son Jacob before he dies. He teaches of Agency, & the need for the Holy Messiah; he tells us that men are that they might have Joy, and in verse 11 “ For it must needs be that there is an opposition in all things.”
During our Mortal Probation we learn through paradox. Often it is the hard times that define the good things of God. “And he who receiveth all things with thankfulness shall be made glorious;”
“The Prophet Joseph Smith said that one of the greatest sins of which the Latter-day Saints would be guilty is the sin of ingratitude.”

I would prefer to give a talk consisting of scripture and doctrine, but being prayerful, I realized that a talk on Gratitude would be empty and void without personal life experiences. The stories of others always help me, and I remember them and feel strengthened by them. I am so thankful to be part of the Family of God. As each of us adds our own harmony to the melody of Jesus Christ, we create a beautiful symphony. Our unique selves add much to the Lord’s storehouse. D&C 82:18 “And all this for the benefit of the church of the living God, that every man may improve upon his talent, that every man may gain other talents, yea, even an hundred fold, to be cast into the Lord’s storehouse, to become the common property of the whole church.”
The month I graduated from high school, authorities in Southern Utah became aware of the abuse my parents subjected their grandchildren, my siblings, and myself to. Before the investigation was completed, my parents took my youngest brother and left, escaping to the deep woods of the Idaho panhandle. My mother was not a US citizen & my father had dealings with secret societies, so they were unable to be found. I made it through graduation & my best friend helped me move to Salt Lake. I had unscrupulous roommates who stole my portion of the rent money for their own purposes and I ended up homeless, not once but twice. I was so thankful for the shelter, a place to shower and sleep. I was so thankful for my job, so I didn’t have to stay long at the shelter. I also was incredibly grateful for the beautiful hills & trails around Salt Lake where I could hike and breathe in the sanctity of nature after work every day before returning to the shelter to sleep. The Love and Peace of the Abundance of this Majestic Earth have become an integral part of my soul. It is a Blessing that is mine. D&C 104 reads “I, the Lord, stretched out the heavens, and built the earth, my very handiwork; and all things therein are mine.

For the earth is full, and there is enough and to spare; yea, I prepared all things,” (14 & 17)

I am grateful for God creating this Earth and providing for all that I need.

When I was 23, I got married and had my oldest child, a son. Our marriage only lasted 2 1/2 years, he started drinking alcohol on our wedding night and struggles with that addiction & others still. I know the evils of substance abuse, and am so grateful for God revealing the Word of Wisdom to us in these latter-days. D&C 122 tells us after a long list of awful things that the prophet Joseph Smith went through “that all these things shall give thee experience and shall be for thy good.” In my young adulthood, I studied many philosophies from the I-Ching, Buddhism, Judaism, to Christianity. I saw that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had a good program for raising a family. I became active & have prioritized the suggestions of FHE, prayer, scripture study, and service. Jesus tells the Nephites: “Verily, verily, I say unto you, this is my gospel; and ye know the things that ye must do in my church; for the works which ye have seen me do that shall ye also do; for that which ye have seen me do even that shall ye do;” (3 Nephi 27:21)
The word DO is found 5 times in that verse. I did not have a testimony of the Gospel when I began attending church as a single mom, but putting the Gospel into action has given me a testimony that this IS God’s Kingdom here on Earth. Although I have to admit the 13th Article of faith still brings me some trepidation. You know the part about “we have endured many things and hope to be able to endure ALL things.” Well, I am still working on that.

I am not yet like Joseph Smith who said, “And as for the perils which I am called to pass through, they seem but a small thing to me,… deep water is what I am wont to swim in. It all has become a second nature to me; and I feel, like Paul, to glory in tribulation;” (D&C 127:2)
Nor am I like Paul who said, “for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content.

12 I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need.
13 I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me.” (Phillipians 4:11-13)

I am grateful however, for the Gift of Prayer, to come to know my Father, the designer and creator of the universe. He is always available and desires to commune with me. I am grateful for His Son, my Savior, who has paved the way for me and does strengthen me. Prayer anchors my soul. As Paul says in Hebrews 4:16 “Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need.”

As a young mother I relied heavily on that Grace. My oldest son exhibited behavior disorders and we began counseling when he was only 3. A number of years later, when I delivered my 3rd baby, I contracted bacterial meningitis and spent some time in the ICU, where I was eventually released to go home with a PICC line inserted to administer medicine directly into my heart. While I was hospitalized and very sick, my son had acted out in dangerous behaviors to some children in the family, and some neighborhood children. CPS was involved and my son was removed from my home and placed in state’s custody. At this very dark time I was given one of my life’s greatest gifts. The Power of the Temple. As I went regularly and often, I felt the peace and healing that the Temple gives. In a portion of prayer (D&C 109:22) the Prophet pleads, “And we ask thee, Holy Father, that thy servants may go forth from this house armed with thy power, and that thy name may be upon them, and thy glory be round about them, and thine angels have charge over them;”

In the Temple we see love in action. There is always someone willing to help, always kindness, always a smile. Miracles happen in the Temple. Through the ordinances the power of God is manifested. I know that the Temple IS the house of the Lord. I developed a stronger trust in my Savior. Abraham 2:8 says “My name is Jehovah, and I know the end from the beginning; therefore my hand shall be over thee.” I am so grateful that He knows the end from the beginning and that His Hand is over me and my children.

I love the promise in D&C 123:16-17 “You know, brethren, that a very large ship is benefited very much by a very small helm in the time of a storm, by being kept workways with the wind and the waves.

17 Therefore, dearly beloved brethren, let us cheerfully do all things that lie in our power; and then may we stand still, with the utmost assurance, to see the salvation of God, and for his arm to be revealed.”
I know that the work we participate in in the Temple is so much larger than we can fathom - bringing about God’s Glorious Plan blessing all His Children on both sides of the Veil! I thank my Father for the honor and privilege to live NOW in the history of the Earth, and to live HERE where we have an abundance of Temples. I am super grateful to be part of the Gathering of Israel. I LOVE this part of God’s Plan. I love President Nelson inviting us to participate in this as we prepare for the Savior’s Glorious 2nd Coming.
In the Book of Mormon, Alma counsels his son Coriantumr about this life being a probationary state, a time for men to prepare to meet God, and explains again the Plan of Redemption and the law of opposition with justice and mercy, endless punishment and eternal happiness dependent upon repentance. Amulek also testifies of the importance of this plan of redemption saying, “For behold, this life is the time for men to prepare to meet God; yea, behold the day of this life is the day for men to perform their labors.” (Alma 34:32)
Mormon exhorts us to be “true followers of his Son, Jesus Christ; that ye may become the sons of God; that when he shall appear we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is; that we may have this hope; that we may be purified even as he is pure.” (Moroni 7:48)
We are taught that we came to Earth to receive a body and to be tested. Sister Linda Reeves in Oct. 2015 Gen. Conf. said, “Sisters, I do not know why we have the many trials that we have, but it is my personal feeling that the reward is so great, so eternal and everlasting, so joyful and beyond our understanding that in that day of reward, we may feel to say to our merciful, loving Father, “Was that all that was required?” … What will it matter,…what we suffered here if, in the end, those trials are the very things which qualify us for eternal life and exaltation in the kingdom of God with our Father and Savior?
In closing, One time in the Bountiful Temple, I opened the Bible to Revelation. In it, the word ‘Overcometh’ was marked in red. Listen to these promises:
(2:7) To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.
(2:11) He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.
(2:17) To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.
(2:26&28) And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: … And I will give him the morning star.
(3:5) He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will confess his name before my Father, and before his angels.
(3:12) Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name.
(21:7) He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son.
(3:21) To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne.

Imagine for a moment, sitting with Jesus in His Throne, sitting with our Father in His Throne. Where are you exactly if you are sitting with Him in His Throne? Can you see yourself on His lap, or sitting close to Him? I testify that this promise is real. It is true. I know it. I am His Daughter. You are His Child, He has a Perfect Plan for each of us. He has provided the way through His Only Begotten Son. It is my hope that I can receive whatsoever is right with Gratitude. In the Name of Jesus Christ. Amen.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Next come my responses:-v

Jesus’ parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard found in Matthew 20:1-15 <That parable is so advanced. It does not make any logical sense. What a way to start!

When I was praying about how the Lord would like me to present a talk on Gratitude, I immediately opened my scriptures to this parable. In the margin I have written, “Gratitude = Enough for All” and “Never Compare.” < Aha! You are one of those people who pray about their talks.

As we move through experiences in life, are we able to trust God that He is giving us whatsoever is right? Do we receive with gratitude whatsoever is right? < Nope. Not me. I don't dare trust Him yet.-v

During our Mortal Probation we learn through paradox. Often it is the hard times that define the good things of God. “And he who receiveth all things with thankfulness shall be made glorious;” < PARADOX what a creative/clever way to remind us of living by faith.
I would prefer to give a talk consisting of scripture and doctrine, but being prayerful, I realized that a talk on Gratitude would be empty and void without personal life experiences. The stories of others always help me, and I remember them and feel strengthened by them. I am so thankful to be part of the Family of God. As each of us adds our own harmony to the melody of Jesus Christ, we create a beautiful symphony. Our unique selves add much to the Lord’s storehouse. D&C 82:18 “And all this for the benefit of the church of the living God, that every man may improve upon his talent, that every man may gain other talents, yea, even an hundred fold, to be cast into the Lord’s storehouse, to become the common property of the whole church.” < You told me about this. And it surely makes sense. In a way you are warning everyone that what you are about to share makes you vulnerable. Nice job with that, for me, unfamiliar but potent scripture.

I had unscrupulous roommates who stole my portion of the rent money for their own purposes and I ended up homeless, not once but twice. <$10 word, unscrupulous <This makes me groan. <Look at you. . . you are daring to share your nitty gritty ugly bugly challenging adolescent story! WOW! No wonder you needed courage!

I was so thankful for the HOMELESS shelter, a place to shower and sleep. I was so thankful for my job, so I didn’t have to stay long at the shelter. I also was incredibly grateful for the beautiful hills & trails around Salt Lake where I could hike and breathe in the sanctity of nature after work every day before returning to the shelter to sleep. < LIVING IN A SHELTER AND FEELING GRATEFUL. . . wait a minute, this doesn't make sense. Adrian does the same thing. He feels gratitude so deeply for the smallest of things. You are definitely a "half full cup" person.

The word DO is found 5 times in that verse. I did not have a testimony of the Gospel when I began attending church as a single mom, but putting the Gospel into action has given me a testimony that this IS God’s Kingdom here on Earth. < great point!!! Do. Plus a confession. . . so sweet and vulnerable.

Although I have to admit the 13th Article of faith still brings me some trepidation. You know the part about “we have endured many things and hope to be able to endure ALL things.” Well, I am still working on that. <This one makes me giggle and makes you very relate-able/ human.

I am not yet like Joseph Smith who said, “And as for the perils which I am called to pass through, they seem but a small thing to me,… deep water is what I am wont to swim in. It all has become a second nature to me; and I feel, like Paul, to glory in tribulation;” (D&C 127:2)

Nor am I like Paul who said, “for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content.
12 I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need.
13 I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me.” (Phillipians 4:11-13)<<These make the point well. Nice quotes! Man you must be brilliant!

Prayer anchors my soul. < Mine too. Sometimes I have to stop and visit with HF once an hour. And I know he doesn't mind. That is when I am feeling particularly insecure or unsafe.

While I was hospitalized and very sick, my son had acted out in dangerous behaviors to some children in the family, and some neighborhood children.< Just the right amount of tact balanced with exposure.

The Power of the Temple. As I went regularly and often, I felt the peace and healing that the Temple gives. In a portion of prayer (D&C 109:22) the Prophet pleads, “And we ask thee, Holy Father, that thy servants may go forth from this house armed with thy power, and that thy name may be upon them, and thy glory be round about them, and thine angels have charge over them;” < And this blessing can be available to us all if we are willing. As you know I ended up here every week to invite God to shoulder my burdens for decades. I was proud of myself but when I look at how many times you sometimes went each week and still do, my efforts pale in comparison. But Comparison is the thief of joy, like you said.

In the Temple we see love in action. There is always someone willing to help, always kindness, always a smile. Miracles happen in the Temple. Through the ordinances the power of God is manifested. < Great declaration and then that thoughtful scripture phrase. What is the power of God? It is the power to bless us and that's what happens in every ordinance!

I know that the Temple IS the house of the Lord. I developed a stronger trust in my Savior. Abraham 2:8 says “My name is Jehovah, and I know the end from the beginning; therefore my hand shall be over thee.” I am so grateful that He knows the end from the beginning and that His Hand is over me and my children. <Tease: what is all this witnessing? What is all this meat? Give us a rest, Gayelinn. So powerful.

I love the promise in D&C 123:16-17 “You know, brethren, that a very large ship is benefited very much by a very small helm in the time of a storm, by being kept workways with the wind and the waves.
17 Therefore, dearly beloved brethren, let us cheerfully do all things that lie in our power; and then may we stand still, with the utmost assurance, to see the salvation of God, and for his arm to be revealed.”<Pretty. Beautiful. And that little helm can give us hope. Here Jesus, take over, guide me.

I thank my Father for the honor and privilege to live NOW in the history of the Earth, and to live HERE where we have an abundance of Temples. < In my vmail tonight I shared the partying declared in these verses:71 And the Lord of the vineyard said unto them: Go to, and alabor in the vineyard, with your might. For behold, this is the blast time that I shall cnourish my vineyard; for the end is nigh at hand, and the season speedily cometh; and if ye labor with your might with me ye shall have joy in the fruit which I shall lay up unto myself against the time which will soon come.

75. . . my vineyard is no more corrupted, and the bad is cast away, behold ye shall have djoy with me because of the fruit of my vineyard.
Guess who we get to party with? The Lord of the vineyard!!
‘Overcometh’ < These promises go way way deep! Rewards we can't even understand.
(3:21) To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne.
Imagine for a moment, sitting with Jesus in His Throne, sitting with our Father in His Throne. Where are you exactly if you are sitting with Him in His Throne? Can you see yourself on His lap, or sitting close to Him? I testify that this promise is real. It is true. I know it. I am His Daughter. You are His Child, He has a Perfect Plan for each of us. He has provided the way through His Only Begotten Son. It is my hope that I can receive whatsoever is right with Gratitude. In the Name of Jesus Christ. Amen.<Way to challenge us! What powerful words and statements and promise. You are such a blessing to have speak to a ward. Your studies and deliberations have given you power. Or you are gifted. Or both.
stu·di·ous
/ˈst(y)o͞odēəs/ adjective

1.spending a lot of time studying or reading.=Scholarly,academic,bookish,book-loving,intellectual,erudite,learned,donnish,serious,earnest,
thoughtful,cerebral,brainy, swotty


2.done deliberately or with a purpose in mind.=deliberate,willful,conscious,calculated,intentional,volitional,designed,mannered,


Measured,studied,knowing,purposefull Opposite:natural,spontaneous,


3.showing great care or attention.=diligent,careful,attentive,industrious,assiduous


This address was way powerful. As you can see I copied and commented along the way. The sequence was perfect. This came from your core. Thank you. I am grateful that you remembered to share with me. Vern

@@@

I have been watching Youtube vids. I watched the beginning of the following video and started reading the comments. I watched them eating those meals. They ate with their fingers and they had one flat wide bowl of greenish soup. It was gross.-v And yet one of the guys commented that he went to school just for the food! Amazing.

How India Cooks 90,000 Meals in Three Hours!! India's MEGA KITCHEN!!!
Kartik Shetty6 months ago
I'm from Bangalore. I'm 21 now I grown up eating mid day meal at school I'm thank full to Hare Krishna trust and Indian government. We used to go to school for the sake of free food. I'm a Engineer I still remember those days and missing assignments well 🙏😇


11/26
I just wrote a question/ complaint to Indexing. This is what I wrote:

I have been working on Costa Rica-registros civiles, nacimientos, Parte C. This next sentence is a HUGE complaint: Under field help:Birth Place it says,"Do not type the province in this field." But both of the examples, BOTH, use the provincia:Alajuela!!!

I work at the FSC in Saint George. As i helped Brother Heaps today, who also works here, I saw that sentence that said: Do not type the province in this field.

I am so forlorn. I have put thousands and thousands of provinces in these last two or three months while reviewing because that is what both examples showed. Argh!!
:(
The good news, if they already had the city or district or canton, at least I did not erase it. I just added Puntarenas or Alajuela or San Jose or Guanacaste or Heredia or Limon. As you can see I know the provincias.
Help!
Vincenzo Tapp
PS. Let's get our act together.

Field Help: Birth Place

Print
Type the name of the birth place as it was written. Do not correct misspellings or expand abbreviations.

Do not include punctuation, except hyphens and apostrophes when they were written as part of the place-name.

Do not type the province in this field.

Many types of localities may have been recorded. Type only the following localities, according to this priority. (If multiple place-names were mentioned, type the one that is highest in the priority list.)
  1. Birth city or town (according to the record type of the document).
  2. Birth district.
  3. Birth canton.
  4. Registration city or town.
  5. Registration district.
  6. Registration canton.
If the place was not recorded or was written as a variety of the word "unknown," press Tab to skip this field.


Click here to see an example: Alajuela





PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS



Friday, July 12, 2019

DGR pick one of these patterns and follow it. “Don’t keep it a secret!”



The dress code for Church Service Missionaries serving in the St. George FamilySearch Center will be changing from business formal to business casual. For a number of years The Church, in cooperation with Disney Institute, conducted extensive research related to customer service and guest satisfaction.

The results of the research were clear with regard to a perceived correlation between the dress of a service provider and the favorability rating of a service recipient. Formal dress (white shirts and ties) has been shown to have a significantly negative impact on visitors to our FamilySearch Centers.

The findings indicated a number of reasons for guest dissatisfaction when service providers were dressed in formal attire. Below are a few of the more often recorded concerns:

Ø Guests felt intimidated, out of place and underdressed.

Ø Guests were uncomfortable and concerned that they would be proselyted.

Ø Guests felt they were perceived as inferior to those dressed in formal attire.

Business casual dress creates a much more relaxing and friendly environment, markedly improving a guests experience and their desire to return. For these reasons and at the request of FamilySearch

@@@Sunday afternoon June 30, 2019.

I want to empty my brain:

A. Church was wonderful today.

B. Five missionary parents spoke in sacrament meeting and I did not write one word in my Journal.

C. Alex Gardine welcomed me to the front row during our fifth Sunday elders quorum guided discussion on financial resilience./Reliance.

D. I put chairs away with my right hand.

E. Josh Borgeson and I visited for probably 30 min. about ministering. This is my third ministering interview. The first one was with Alex and Cameron Tolman as well as my companion Chris Rob. The second one was with Chris Rob and Josh. This third one was just Josh and I. Josh says he had an interview with Chris last month. At that interview Chris said that he didn't know he was supposed to bring his companion. That makes me smile. He has three companions!

F. Josh Borgeson gave me a hug after our interview. I opened with prayer he closed with prayer and he sort of got stuck on the first topic which was my companion Chris Rob, but I pushed him onto the Bird family and at the end he asked me if there was anything I wanted to say about our elders quorum presidency etc.. So I reminded him of my text of last year about Alex Jardine seeming like he was going to explode without a focus once he was a counselor in elders quorum presidency. Josh smiled and laughed because he remembered. He also helped me understand that Bishop Beau Barney graduated in accounting and so he is excellent at planning ahead.

G. President Kent Perkins invited me to be a part of community theater. He was thinking about me this week and realized that I have a good strong voice and I am quite expressive and dramatic and I'm good at memorizing. He also mentioned my love for music. I was flattered. But I don't like memorizing. I have many Scriptures and hymns in my mind and heart because I love them, but there's no way I would want to fill my mind with silly lines to a play. In my opinion the most important part of that face-to-face nose to nose invitation was that he had been thinking about me. Thank you Kent Perkins.

H. Dana Rob caught me after my interview and said that Chris Rob wanted to go home teaching to the Bird family. She was standing outside the Bishop's office. The reason I am on the computer right now is because the first thing I wanted to do was e-mail Chris Rob and invite him to tell me when our visit would be. I also gave a suggestion as to what I think we should do while we're there.

I. After getting that news from Dana Rob I turned around and went back to Josh B and thanked him for his prayer. He laughed and said I wish it were always that easy.

Well how did ministering go today??\vern jensen <phonev6@gmail.com>\11:11 PM (17 minutes ago)\to 4356699965
Wow, what follow up! This is a first! Thanks for asking.

0- They were finishing eating when we arrived. It was sort of loosey goosey. (We never saw Hazel nor Pearl) We did kneel at the end and I offered a closing prayer.

1- We had a lot of fun with Audrie and Nathan Bird for about an hour.

2- I invited myself to initiate and not wait as we unloaded at Chris' house afterwards. He accepted. In fact he used the word concede. "I concede, if that's the right word for it."-Chris
concede :
surrender or yield (something that one possesses).
"to concede all the territory he'd won"
synonyms: surrender, yield, give up, relinquish, cede, hand over, turn over, part with, deliver up;

3- I am relieved. I really like to be righteous and fulfill my callings. I have always wanted a gungho companion. But it looks like this isn't it. :) Another reason I am relieved is because we finally got to do a formal visit again.

4- Lastly, We were there about an hour, and no one ever got bored. I have a PLAN OF SALVATION game I gave to all my kids last Christmas. I gave one to the Bird family as a part of a lesson in January. I figured they hadn't played it yet. Rather than have them go find theirs I took out my last 2 games and we divided and conquered. Half of us played on one game and half on the other. You should have heard the conversations. It was delightful. A couple of Bird cousins played along with us.

5- Chris says he will be gone most of next month but that maybe we can do a swimming party at his house at the end of the month.

6- We prayed before we went to visit. Yay! His suggestion.


7- Chris warmed up the conversation with the Birds right from the start and asked if we could help them in any way at the end.

Lastly,
Neither of the Robbs even said Hi on Friday night at the picnic. When Dana Robb called "Vern", and told me Chris wanted to go today, I felt reassured just because she said my name. You know of my pain and concern. I am hopeful now.

Brandon, I still don’t understand the mental and emotional differences between males and females. Richard G Scott tried to help us understand so here is a piece of his talk that I listened to multiple times last week:

Adam was Michael who helped create the earth—a glorious, superb individual. Eve was his equal—a full, powerfully contributing partner. After they had partaken of the fruit, the Lord spoke with them. Their comments reveal some different characteristics of a man and woman. To Adam He said, “Hast thou eaten of the tree whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldst not eat?”9Now, Adam’s response was characteristic of a man who wants to be perceived as being as close to right as possible. Adam responded, “The woman thou gavest me, and commandest that she should remain with me, she gave me of the fruit of the tree and I did eat.”

Now, Adam’s response was characteristic of a man who wants to be perceived as being as close to right as possible. And the Lord said unto Eve, “What is this thing which thou hast done?”11 Eve’s response was characteristic of a woman. Her answer was very simple and straightforward: “The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.” Open and honest! Later, “Adam blessed God … and began to prophesy concerning all the families of the earth, saying: Blessed be the name of God, for because of my transgression my eyes are opened, and in this life I shall have joy, and again in the fleshI shall see God.”13 Adam was thinking about his responsibilities. He was trying to align his performance with the desires of the Lord.Adam was thinking about his responsibilities. He was trying to align his performance with the desires of the Lord.

Eve said, “Were it not for our transgression we never should have had seed, and never should have known good and evil, and the joy of our redemption, and the eternal life which God giveth unto all the obedient.”14 Eve’s response was characteristic of a woman. She embraced all, wanted to make sure that everyone was considered.

One response was not more correct than the other. The two perspectives resulted from the traits inherent in men and women.

The Lord intends that we use those differences to fulfill His plan for happiness, personal growth, and development. By counseling together they arrived at a broader, more correct understanding of truth.

Sunday, July 7, 2019 Brandon here is your most recent letter from you to me.
~~~
June 26, 2019
Dear wonderful, thoughtful, caring Vern, :-)
You are magnificent, thank you for keeping me in your thoughts and prayers.
I am happy to know that you take such excellent care of your family.
You are outstanding, thank you for being an amazing example of an upstanding elder of Israel and worthy holder of the priesthood.
Thank you for being open, upfront, and honest in all of your conversations and relationships. Most people are not used to it since they have been conditioned to believe that people lie.
You are fabulous, thank you for your support 1, and invitation of friendship 2, and the place to stay3. I may push the first away, accept the second, and give no excuse to take you up on the third, but you will always have a spot in this empty cavity in my chest.
Thank you for everything, keep spreading the good news, and making people smile. Your friend – me
~~~
Brandon, thank you for the compliments. You are very kind. As you know I like to number things, so your 1 to 3 were great. You made me smile when you said I will always have a spot in this empty cavity in your chest. Once again thank you for the letter

@@@ I had a really bad eye bleeder last night.My right eye looks awful. As you know I guard my emotional stability. But things like this really shake me up. The membrane around the eye and under the eyelids is called the conjunctiva


@@@7/10/19 Hello Brandon, This next missionary letter is so wierd I wanted to share it with you. I have never heard of anything like the numbers story.

HAPPY CANADA DAY🇨🇦💯Ryan Craig Hoppie\Jul 2, 2019, 4:22 PM (8 days ago)

Hello friends and family!
It's been an awesome couple weeks up here in the Great Wet North! It has been non stop raining for the last 2 weeks and it has been interesting. There have been some fires that are going on in Northern Alberta and so there have been some extra prayers for rain. Well... God answers prayers! He has been answering them for 2 weeks non stop now haha it has been good though. Alberta is needing some rain.
Other than that, the last two weeks have been pretty constant with missionary work. We did have transfers and Elder Layton and I are still together. I'll be finishing off my mission training haha I've enjoyed my time as a Trainor and being able to see the growth in a new missionary. He has such a strong desire to serve God and help others. We get along great and we've been working hard and will work hard until the very end! Him and I are staying together in the St. Albert family ward and also covering the Kingsway YSA Ward! Both are such amazing wards and we get treated real well in both wards!
Brooke and James, the couple who got baptized a couple weeks ago are doing awesome! We met with them on Friday night and went over the plan of salvation. They basically retaught us the whole lesson! The knowledge of the plan of salvation really helped them out a lot when they heard about it. They lost a baby at birth and it was hard on their family. It was awesome to help them see how amazing the plan is and how it's a manifestation of God's love for us. They are expecting another baby in September and so they are excited about that! I'm so grateful for the plan of salvation and know that because of Jesus Christ and his sacrifice for us, we all can receive perfect bodies and have the opportunity to have eternal life! How amazing!
We are also teaching a guy named Tyler. A few weeks ago a member invited us over to have supper at his home and Tyler was there. He made us some SUPER good mashed potatoes and gravy with some grilled chicken. This is where our friendship started haha we then asked this member if we could come over and teach Tyler. Tyler agreed to let us teach him. The first meeting with him was awesome! He really didn't say much but the spirit was strong. We taught about the restoration of the church and he agreed with what we taught. We invited him to read and pray about the Book of Mormon and he said he would! A couple days later we meet with him again. We followed up with how his progress is in reading and praying (keep in mind that this guy has never read scripture or personally prayed in his life). He said he prayed and received an answer. He said it was weird because all it was, was the number 38. He said he grabbed the members quad of scriptures and read every single chapter that had the number 38 in it. He read many chapters in the Bible and couldn't find it. He then read Alma 38 and said that every word in this chapter stuck to him and it made so much sense. He said in the chapter he felt like the chapter is wanting him to follow the commandments. We invited him to follow the commandments and even be baptized! He said that he will keep praying about that and see if it is for him. He said if he came to know it is true then he would get baptized!! It was awesome!

We then had another follow up lesson with him last Thursday and he prayed and read again! He said that he got 2 numbers this time, 34 and 4. He said that the number 34 was in Alma 34 and felt like that was his answer. He said he didn't find one for the number 4 yet. We then promised him he would find an answer. We then proceeded to teach a lesson on the origin of the Book of Mormon and where it came from and why we have it. We then started talking about faith and how it is a seed and it will grow when we take care of it. His eyes go really wide and he grabs his new copy of the Book of Mormon and opens to chapter 34 in Alma. He reads back a verse that talked about a seed being good and its like faith! We then asked him what verse it was? He pauses, looks at us and says "4. There's my 4!" and it was soooo cool! The spirit was strong and confirmed he found his answer! We are continuing to meet with him and helping him keep the commandments. He came to church once last Sunday and really likes coming to church. The members took him in very well the first Sunday he was there! What an amazing experience on how the Book of Mormon is magical and how it can help us find answers to our questions! We had a follow up lesson with him last night and for his prayer he said he got a word. He told us his word was "baptism". He said he asked again if that's the right word and he said he got a distinct answer "yes". So he asked us about it and we had an awesome lesson about baptism! He said that he will consider it and think more about it. We haven't taught him the word of wisdom yet but he said he needs to detox from his bad habits because his roommate told him he needs to to get baptized! He's awesome.

We also had an awesome opportunity to teach a man about God for the first time. His name is Ali. We met with him this last Friday and he is from Iran! He said he moved here a couple years ago to get a new start to life. He said that his brother in Europe found God and has been so happy. He said he wants that same happiness in his life and wants us to teach him. The first question we asked him was "do you know much about God?" he said "God? I've heard of God but I don't know what that means?" so we are getting to teach him the simplest and purest doctrine that he is a child of God. We told him that the Book of Mormon will teach him so much about God. It will also help him with his English! We asked him what his native language is so we can get him a copy of the Book of Mormon in that language and he told us that he wants an English one. If it really is from God, it will help him with his English! He showed up to church on Sunday too for his first time ever! He loved it! The ward took him in so well!

On Sunday, a random guy shows up to church unexpected. A member introduces us to Brandon and he really wants to go to church and change his life around. He showed up at the family ward in St. Albert but we found out that he is actually YSA age! We invited him to come to church with us at the YSA as well and he ended up coming to church there too! It was awesome. Everyone took him in well at the ward too! The YSA Ward is so awesome! We then had a lesson with him at a members house and it went well. He said he wants to follow Christ and be more involved in church!

The people we are teaching are AWESOME! We also had a really cool finding story! I've wanted to do this my whole mission! We got done eating supper with some members and left. As we went out to the car, we saw a few high school kids playing basketball on the street. They lowered the rim and were playing dunkball. I was debating to ask if we could play and... Well... You could probably guess what happened next! We started a 3v3 dunkball game with them and it was intense! We had our white shirts untucked and played to 21! This kid that was guarding me was pretty good I'll give him that! It was a good time! After the game was over, I asked the kid guarding me to alleyoop me for a dunk! I'll post the video down below! It was awesome! We just made some new friends haha they were shocked when I told them I was 20😂😲

This week was a week full of miracles! I love you all and I hope you have an awesome week!\ALSO! HAPPY CANADA DAY YESTERDAY!! 🇨🇦🇨🇦\Elder Ryan C. Hoppie\Canada Edmonton Mission\Ryan Craig Hoppie

Jul 10, 2019, 7:05 PM To:Ryan Craig Hoppie (ryan.hoppie@missionary.org)

> So he asked us about it and we had an awesome lesson about baptism! He said that he will consider it and think more about it. We haven't taught him the word of wisdom yet but he said he needs to detox from his bad habits because his roommate told him he needs to to get baptized! <

Ryan, you are a fantastic letter writer. Thank you so much. I texted your dad last week before the 4th of July because he reported on your mission in sacrament meeting and took 10 minutes instead of the 5 he was allowed. We got to hear from all 5 missionary parents and we absolutely loved it. I especially teased him about not even telling your mom he was speaking in church that day. Man can she blush! I sit on the top row of choir seats so I can lead the sacrament meeting music and I got to watch her.

This number story was one of the weirdest things I have ever heard. And since your dad shared it this is my second time. It blows my mind!

>If it really is from God, it will help him with his English! He showed up to church on Sunday too for his first time ever! He loved it! The ward took him in so well! <

Sweet! 

vern jensen phonev6@gmail.com

Wed, Jul 10, 7:40 PM (2 days ago)
to Ryan
I've been making an effort to finish the Book of Mormon before I get home. 

Dear Ryan,

How you serve your mission will be with you the rest of your life. Go out strong!

I listen to General Conference talks every day. Do you know how many priesthood sessions of conference there are from '71 to '19?

And do you know how many talks on preparing to be a missionary there are? And also on serving well?  Go out with a bang Ryan!

Here I am, 64 yo next week and I am still so glad that I served and was a dedicated, diligent missionary. I had no idea the atmosphere would stick with me for so long.

I wanted to prove my willingness to serve by going home late. I know we don't have an option but I really wanted to. As it turned out I did stay an extra week and perhaps HF heard my wish.

I also discovered when I read my missionary journal last year that there was a tremendous difference between when I was a jr companion compared to a sr companion. As a senior companion I knew how we had spent every minute and the order of events was top priority in my mind.

I once had a junior companion who complained about his trainer, from just before me. He wanted to work. And after we were together for a while he said, "So this is how missionary work is supposed to be done."

I hope you have some companions that feel that way about you.

Friday, 7/12/19 I spent 2 hours at the stake center last night for a leadership training meeting. I was so excited to get some anticipated direction and focus on my calling: Temple and Family History Indexing consultant. I was so disappointed that my calling only got 1 minute of focus. Mitch 6 ran out of time. But there is some good news: 1- The new stake center should be completed in January. Our stake of 12 wards will be split soon. Each stake may have 6 wards. Right now we are the largest stake south of Payson. 2- We are having a Ward meeting for Temple and Family History workers at 10am on Sunday. The bishop will probably conduct. This will be our first one. 3- Mark Clayton taught us for 25 minutes, speaking fast, about how the missionary program is supposed to run in the wards and stakes. We have been in limbo since Pres. Nelson changed everything. Mark was first and used a laptop to project probably 10 different tabs he had open onto the big screen. He had highlighted phrases and showed us progress forms used to track investigators and new members and reactivation members. The best news about his forthright explanation is that it applies equally to Temple and Family History department. 5- Ward Missionaries are to be called for a length of time. 2 years, one year, 6 months. They should not be released when there is a need for a primary president or something! That was weird. Just like a real missionary. That way they can focus for that length of time. I want to go ask Lynne, Duane, PamD and KentP if that was true for them. Ha ha. KentP was made our EQPresident after being in 3 months as our ward mission leader! :) 6- Ward missionaries should go out to work two by two! AllenH thinks that applies to T&FH consultants as well. He announced in January in EQ to expect a visit from us this year. We haven't made any yet. I wonder if we should do what DuaneD did and encourage a T&FH family plan? 7- Rather than focus on calendaring the Ward Council is supposed to focus on individuals and families concerning missionary work. And T&FH work. By each member of the council being active in these the work progresses. We are constantly reminded because they share as they act. Like JRH says, report everything! AlexG did exactly that! He shared about

@There were somethings that were extremely confusing. a- Be solid on standards and testimonies but don't offend early return missionaries by asking them why they came home early.(This video was so loud I felt like it was screaming at me!) b- Utah has a higher youth suicide rate than the national average so be supportive and open and understanding but create and instigate plans for ward and family mission plans and create and instigate and revise plans for ward and family Temple and Family History plans. @ Mark Clayton showed one ward's mission plan. It included one convert baptism this year. Only one! I was surprised. But that is a perfect example of not running faster then we are able. Moderation in all things was the unspoken byword last night.@@ I called my sister and whined about how I went to this meeting and felt left out. I called again today and whined some more. But as I whined I came to a conclusion: Indexing really isn't that important. Here I am wanting my drum to be played but it is only really important to me at this time in my life. Not necessarily everyone else! @@Allen Hilton my boss was there and visited with me afterwards. He told me of a 2 inch stack of completed ordinances he has at home since he returned from his mission to Manchester, England. But he said it would be better if others had contributed to that stack. I responded: “Spreading the work around also spreads the blessings.” I am like him. I have astronomical reviewing numbers but I would like to spread the blessings around. Really. Sincerely. Being engaged in God's work, building his kingdom on this side or the other side of the veil, protects us and blesses us. @@ As you probably know it takes me a day to process things and see how I really feel about them. I tell JaniceD that I can't respond until the next day about my deep feelings from a BoM lesson. As I was speaking to Gayelinn I shared my conclusion. Then I realized that Ronda Taylor had truly magnified her calling and made our stake indexing program seem important! I actually called RondaT next and told her so. :) I discovered she was just like me, hoping for direction and was disappointed little was given. I do remember Renlund pointing out that the chain of command that we should be following was the blue one.

On February 28, 2019, Elder Dale G. Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles spoke at the Temple and Family History Leadership Instruction meeting. He suggested three things ward leaders can do to help members in temple and family history callings be more comfortable and effective.

-Clarify the ward’s leadership pattern for temple and family history work.
-Create a ward temple and family history plan.
-Hold ward temple and family history coordination meetings.


I. Clarifying Your Ward’s Temple and Family History Leadership Pattern

Ward leaders should choose a pattern for how temple and family history consultants communicate with their leaders. This pattern shows consultants who to communicate with when receiving assignments, reporting efforts, and asking for help.

Elder Renlund said that in the ideal leadership pattern, a “consultant reports to the ward temple and family history leader, who works closely with the elders quorum presidency, who supervises the work under the direction of the bishop.”

Vern>AllenH>JoshB>KentP>BBBarney
Cosette>
JoselynB>
JakeB>
KarsonT>
Leslie>
RamonaC?>

“To deviate from this standard leadership pattern requires a good reason, concurrence of the stake president, and confirmation by the Holy Ghost,” Elder Renlund said.

Elder Renlund offered three alternatives for when the ideal pattern isn’t possible—such as when a ward may not have a temple and family history leader. In such cases, a consultant may report to one of the following:








Elder Renlund encouraged ward leaders to pick one of these patterns and follow it. “Don’t keep it a secret!” he said. The leadership pattern should be clear and easy for everyone to understand.


II.  Creating a Ward Plan and Holding Coordination Meetings

Elder Renlund then talked to leaders about the importance of creating a temple and family history plan and holding coordination meetings. The ward council is responsible for creating the plan, which would be approved by the bishop. It could focus on any number of things, including the following:

-Involving 10- and 11-year-old children in family history work.
-Helping youth and new converts obtain limited-use recommends to attend the temple.
-Encouraging members to enter at least four generations of their family tree on FamilySearch.org.
-Inspiring members to attend the temple more often without establishing a quota or reporting system for temple attendance.

When coordination meetings are held, the ward temple and family history leader would conduct the meeting. Ward consultants would attend, along with a counselor from both the Relief Society and elders quorum presidencies. On occasion, even full-time missionaries could be invited.

Elder Renlund cautioned, “The goal is not to hold a meeting. The goal is to coordinate temple and family history work. Text messages, emails, and phone calls can oftentimes accomplish the needed coordination.” 

We have never even met!! Let's see each other!! At least once!


III. An Invitation to Act

In closing, Elder Renlund reminded leaders of his three invitations. “Please clarify leadership patterns for ward temple and family history consultants,” he said. “Implement ward temple and family history coordination meetings and ward temple and family history plans. As you do, the Lord will hasten His work on both sides of the veil, and you will be blessed in the process!”

Monday, May 27, 2019

Campobasso & John E Clarke

Monday, 5/27/19 Good afternoon Brandon, I have spent weeks trying to learn the forms and writing of Campobasso, Italia project. Campobasso is east of Roma.

This project has registered 0% for 2+ months! I did 50 on it yesterday and the day before. Just enough to push it to the 1% mark! If this is parte A, Guess how many more projects will come from this community? :) 5/14/19



I have decided that v8v8 will be my reviewer for this project:



5/27/19 Mon. Matteo Francesco Rampa*-almost forgot Michele diGrappa*



Tommasina Pansera-g Gennaio-not dot!



Anna Ricciardelli

All the above came from my first morti batch today. I just couldn’t let go of the thrill of discovery on each one.



Vaccaro-g delGatto Carmina diMarzo



Antonio ?amdlli? Rea? Haimo-g few2



Ponazzo Carnillone Iarocci-g



Tavone-g same



Antonico-g Lucia Rachele 5!



Ciampanelli Fantetti-g lots



PAPPALARDO! ME almost



Mucciaccio ! -g shock, gratitude. Carnevale iario?



Ce* Marzitelli-g



? mucciacio love it Paradiso



Eugenia Ruccolo-g Massavelli-g



Can you do this one?



I can do magic! Michelina 10! Spinelli Giovanbattista penotta



Pasquale ?ampa ? apollonia di Strola? farone?



Romualdo Primiano benerento?



Vacaro Rampa?-googled I think I have this one!



Di Pasquale Vaccaro maria giuseppa Ricciardelli

Oh my goodness gracious! Did I really do those? Tyhf.



Campanelli Better have all your wits about you ^ ^



Di Grappa-g ahaaaaaaa! So that is what it was.

It is NOT diGuppa like I put the last 2 times. Live and learn, as long as you eyes are open and your brain awake!



5/21 Tues cicoria? Coabella? Vaccaro M! Maria !



Ponazzo? Nope ! googled Matteo ! post on M, split a



genn* ‘46 gennaro’39



Santoianni-g

I waited a week to look this up. I feel so much more secure now. It meant what I thought. Oggi



Corca? michele!



Antonica? Maria benavento



Maddalena Lommano Alias!



Sat. 5/25 Maria, I am amazed that I am supposed to be able to read that! Francesca?



Maria vincenza aloia , I can’t get over how ugly these are! same Gatto



Michelangelo Lommano? Marzo? Ponazzo



Pasquale Primiano I tried Imocci, inoni & Innocci nope. Iannoni-yes but. . .



Michelina iantetti?



Rosa di toto



Carriero casmira

Hello Brandon, I’m back again. I have been thrilling with being able to figure most of these out today. So the above work represents two days of trying to figure things out. These are from the 1830’s and 1840’s. @ You can’t imagine how many times HF has heard from me just in these two days of work. Of course in the 14 days I have been working here that is multiplied. My prayers are usually not requests for help but rather expressions of gratitude and surprise. Plus I have the Italian White pages to confirm that such a name really exists. So here I am challenged and sweating it out and remembering JS trying to figure out the reformed egyptian he worked on for months and years before he was successful. And then Oliver Cowdery not realizing what it has taken Joseph to get to this stage and asking to translate. Sure, go ahead God tells him. I wonder if God expected him to work for months and years like Joseph had to develop the gift?





Guess when the steel nib for fountain pens was invented?

The Quill Pen

QUILL PENS date to the Dark Ages, when bird feathers replaced the hollow reeds the Romans used. To make a quill pen, you first had to catch your bird. Goose feathers were favored. Swan quills were the best, but who would approach an angry swan? Crow feathers, it is said, were unbeatable for drawing fine lines.

Thomas Jefferson bred special geese to keep himself in writing implements. Because of their shape, only the five feathers at the tip of the left wing would do—left-handers could use feathers from the right wing—and it was best to pull them in the spring. The trick then was to bury the feathers in hot, dry sand to harden the points, after which it was time to get your penknife out: the better the cut, the finer the script.

After a couple of ink-spattered pages, it was time to retrim the nib. If you were lucky, your quill might last a week. Small wonder Britain imported twenty-seven million quills a year from Russia alone.

For almost 1,500 years, people used quill pens to write letters. By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, steel nibs were well on their way to ousting the trusty quill.

Then, in the twentieth, along came the fountain pen, the ball point, the fiberpoint, the roller ball, the gel-point. @wiki-A quill knife was the original primary tool used for cutting and sharpening quills, known as "dressing".

Following the decline of the quill in the 1820s, after the introduction of the maintenance-free, mass-produced steel dip nib by John Mitchell, knives were still manufactured but became known as desk knives, stationery knives or latterly as the name stuck "pen" knives.

In 1828 Josiah Mason improved a cheap, efficient slip-in nib which could be added to a pen holder. This was based on existing models.

By the 1850s, Birmingham existed as a world centre for steel pen and steel nib manufacture; more than half the steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and -women were employed in the industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected in Birmingham, enabling the city's factories to mass-produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.


1820 (1)


Spring 1820

The First Vision


1823 (2)


21–22 September 1823

JS’s First Visions of Angel Moroni


19 November 1823

Death of Alvin Smith


1824 (1)


22 September 1824

JS’s First Annual Visit with Angel Moroni


1825 (2)


22 September 1825

JS’s Second Annual Visit with Angel Moroni


1 November 1825

JS and Others’ Search for Silver Mine


1826 (3)


20 March 1826

JS’s First Trial in South Bainbridge


22 September 1826

JS’s Third Annual Visit with Angel Moroni


November 1826

JS Began Work for Joseph Knight Sr.


1827 (3)


18 January 1827

JS’s Marriage to Emma Hale


22 September 1827

JS Obtained Plates


December 1827

JS’s Move to Harmony


1828 (8)


February 1828

Martin Harris Showed Transcript to Scholars


April–June 1828

Translation of Portion of Book of Mormon


ca. 14 June 1828

Martin Harris Showed Manuscript to Family


15 June 1828

Birth and Death of JS’s Son


early July 1828

JS Learned of Lost Manuscript Pages


early July 1828

Plates Temporarily Taken from JS


Fall 1828

Cowdery and Whitmer Investigate Plates


ca. October 1828

Oliver Cowdery Met Smith Family


1829 (28)


ca. Winter–Spring 1829

Oliver Cowdery Received Revelation about JS


February 1829

Joseph Smith Sr. Visited JS and Emma Smith


March 1829

Revelation Calling for Three Witnesses


ca. April 1829

Revelation on Lost Manuscript Pages


5 April 1829

Oliver Cowdery’s Arrival in Harmony


6 April 1829

JS Purchased Land in Harmony


7 April 1829

Cowdery Assisted in Book of Mormon Translation


May 1829

JS Received Supplies from Joseph Knight Sr.


15 May 1829

JS and Oliver Cowdery Baptized


late May 1829

Samuel Smith Baptized


ca. 1 June 1829

David Whitmer Met JS


early June 1829

Book of Mormon Translation at Whitmer Home


early June 1829

Agreement for Printing of Book of Mormon


ca. June 1829

“The Word of the Lord” Dictated


11 June 1829

Copyright Obtained for Book of Mormon


mid-June 1829

JS Dictated Revelations Concerning Book of Mormon


late June 1829

Three Witnesses Viewed Plates


late June 1829

Eight Witnesses Viewed Plates


26 June 1829

Book of Mormon Title Page Published


ca. 1 July 1829

Translation of Book of Mormon Completed


ca. early August 1829

Duplicate Copy of Book of Mormon Manuscript Made


late August 1829

Book of Mormon Pages Delivered for Typsetting


25 August 1829

Martin Harris Pledged Farm to E. B. Grandin


early September 1829

First Gathering of Book of Mormon Printed


4 October 1829

JS Moved Back to Harmony


6 November 1829

Oliver Cowdery Reported on Book of Mormon Progress


9 December 1829

Reflector To Publish Sections from Book of Mormon


28 December 1829

Joseph Smith Sr. Left for Harmony


1830 (28)

Timelines have been going through my mind a ton this year. We are studying the NT in Sunday and have carefully coordinated study assignments each week in a special SS study manuel. I have been commenting on each verse I read in my journal. It has been a big deal to me to know when in the 3 year ministry Jesus gave each teaching and even where he was at the time.So when you looked at the JS timeline did anything stick out to you? @ I watched an anti mormon JS video on Youtube that said JS was never persecuted and never told anyone his story. Ouch. This caption really jumped out at me.
JS’s First Trial in South Bainbridge\20 March 1826\JS tried and acquitted on charges of being disorderly person and imposter, South Bainbridge, New York.1



I am glad I did not have to face a trial like that at the age of 20. @@@While puttering around trying to find a good timeline for the ministry of JC I discovered that the Library of Congress Sponsored a 3 day symposium on JS’ 200 birthday! This article presented at the symposium by John Edward Clark (born 1952)[1] is an American archaeologist and academic researcher of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. As of 2008 he holds a position as professor of anthropology at Brigham Young University (BYU), and is also the director of the New World Archaeology Foundation.

Clark pursued undergraduate and postgraduate studies in archaeology and anthropology at BYU, completing a B.A. in 1976 and obtaining his Masters degree in 1979. His doctorate studies were completed at University of Michigan, from where he was awarded his PhD in 1994.

Clark has written and lectured extensively theoretical topics and the archaeology of Mesoamerica, where he has particularly focused on the Olmecs and their culture. He has also written papers on the Book of Mormon and archaeology.

Among books Clark was involved in writing is Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica.[2]

Clark has lived in and performed extensive archaeological research while living and working in Mexico for several decades.

In 2005 Clark was one of the speakers at the Worlds of Joseph Smith symposium at the Library of Congress.[3]

Clark is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who accepts the historicity of the Book of Mormon.

Archaeological Trends and Book of Mormon Origins

John E. Clark

Had circumstances permitted a marked grave for the slain prophet, a fitting headstone could have read, “By Joseph Smith, Junior, Author and Proprietor.” Such an epitaph, taken from the title page of the Book of Mormon, captures the enduring bond between the man and the book, and also the controversy which coalesced around both with the book’s publication and the organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints¹ in 830. In the ensuing and continuing “war of words” (Joseph Smith–History :0) and prejudice, redemption may hang on the single preposition “by.” What hand did Joseph² have in producing the book? Joseph claimed he translated by the power of God an ancient record inscribed on golden plates entrusted to him by an American angel. His account of the origin of the Book of Mormon is, to understate the obvious, outrageously incredible. One critique dubbed it “knavery on two sticks.”³ Or is it? Are Joseph’s claims truth or nonsense? How can one know? This question implicates classic antitheses between science and religion, reason and faith. I consider both faith and reason here in evaluating competing explanations of the book. When confronted with the book, most people reject it because of its cover story. Sterling M. McMurrin, a former Latter-day Saint, said critically, “You don’t get books from angels and translate them

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by miracles.”⁴ Others excommunicate the angels and pull the book back down to earth. Joseph Smith, they argue, wrote the book from his galloping imagination, aided and abetted by scraps of truth and speculation rifled from others. From this skeptical view, the book is a fiction, fraud, hoax. There are other explanations, but the neverending quarrel is between the book as hoax and the book as history. Born of a miracle or a hoax, and father to another, the book commands serious attention from believers and skeptics alike. An overriding question in Book of Mormon scholarship is: did Joseph Smith write or translate the book?⁵ Any fair understanding of Joseph Smith must derive from a plausible explanation of the Book of Mormon, and both science and reason can and should be involved in the evaluation. Because the book makes claims about American prehistory, archaeology has long been implicated in assessments of the book’s credentials as ancient history, and, by direct implication, of the veracity, sanity, or honesty of Joseph Smith. I revisit issues of archaeology and the Book of Mormon here in addressing the character of Joseph Smith. Archaeology shows that almost everyone involved in the running quarrel over Joseph and his book have misrepresented and misunderstood both.

“By Joseph Smith . . . ”: Rival Hypotheses of the Book of Mormon For Mormons, Joseph Smith is a prophet, seer, and revelator, and the Book of Mormon is the word of God. Detractors ridicule both as blasphemous frauds. There is no secure middle ground between positions, but there is one spectacular point of agreement. Champions on both sides see the Book of Mormon as the key to Joseph Smith’s claim to be a prophet. Divergent views on the origin of the book lead to different supposed authors; in each case the deduced person thought to be responsible for the book remains incomplete. Surprisingly, both friends and foes have diminished Joseph and the Book of Mormon in the same way—by exaggerating his abilities. Considerable as his abilities were, Joseph Smith was neither superman nor superbrain. Critics see Joseph Smith as author of a romantic fiction, the Book of Mormon, and in so doing they distort both the man and

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the book beyond belief. They see the book as a logical product of its 820s intellectual environment, combined with Joseph Smith’s native intelligence and deceitful propensities.⁶ Most Mormons fall into a more subtle error that also inflates Joseph’s talents; they confuse translation with authorship. They presume that Joseph Smith knew the contents of the book as if he were its real author, and they accord him perfect knowledge of the text. This presumption removes from discussion the most compelling evidence of the book’s authenticity—Joseph’s unfamiliarity with its contents. To put the matter clearly: Joseph Smith did not fully understand the Book of Mormon. I propose that he transmitted to readers an ancient book that he neither imagined nor wrote. One thing all readers share with Joseph is a partial understanding of the book’s complexities. Indeed, many things about the book were simply unknowable in 830. Over the last sixty years, Hugh Nibley, John Sorenson, and other scholars have shown the Book of Mormon to be “truer” than Joseph Smith or any of his contemporaries could know.⁷ Consequently, what Joseph Smith knew and understood about the book ought to be research questions rather than presumptions. Thanks in large part to his critics, it is becoming clear that Joseph Smith did not fully understand the geography, scope, historical scale, literary form, or cultural content of the book. For example, early Mormons believed Book of Mormon lands stretched throughout all of North and South America, a presumption clearly at odds with the book itself (fig. a).⁸ The book speaks specifically only of a limited land about the size of Pennsylvania. In 842, after reading about ancient cities in Central America, Joseph speculated that Book of Mormon lands were located there (fig. b).⁹ I derive two lessons from his speculation: First, Joseph did not know exactly where Book of Mormon lands were; second, he considered their location an important question addressable through scholarship. The book makes hundreds of claims about ancient peoples in the Americas. It has always been clear to people on both sides of the controversy that antiquities could be, and should be, used to corroborate or destroy the book’s pedigree. The rival hypotheses about the book’s origins implicate four knowledge worlds of diverse content and undetermined relationship: the ancient world, the nineteenth-century world, the twenty-first-century

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world, and the Book of Mormon world. Environmental or naturalistic explanations see the book as a hoax tethered to its nineteenthcentury background. Thus, all details mentioned in the book should conform to knowledge and speculations available to Joseph Smith before the book was written in 829. Mormon explanations see the book as history and situate it in the ancient world. These opposed views will play out differently through time because knowledge of the past has increased since Joseph Smith’s day and will continue to do so. These gains in knowledge should allow us to identify the stronger hypothesis. Noel Reynolds puts the matter this way: While a book might conceivably be made to look authentic by matching the standard knowledge at the time of its production, it would gradually become less persuasive as more and more is learned about the times it claims to describe. On the other hand, truly authentic ancient documents would continue to look ancient, even in light of new discoveries and new expectations.¹⁰

Figure 1. Views of Book of Mormon Geography compared.

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What should this trend look like? If the Book of Mormon was part of the ancient world, more and more details ought to be confirmed as scholarship learns more about the past. Therefore, if the book is history, one would expect confirmations of the book’s claims to increase as modern scholarship reveals more about the ancient world and the Book of Mormon’s part of that world.¹¹ The Book of Mormon has been discussed and dissected now for 75 years, but only during the last fifty has American archaeology been capable of addressing issues of history and generating reliable facts. In this paper, I will marshal recent facts from archaeology to evaluate the trends in seeing the Book of Mormon as hoax or as history. Past quarreling has ranged over hundreds of topics. Rather than attempting a comprehensive review, I will focus on evidence of place, time, and population that was unknowable in 829.

“Where in the World?”: Finding a Place for the Book of Mormon A major turning point in Book of Mormon studies came with the realization that early Mormons had missed or misunderstood salient facts of geography, history, and culture embedded in its narrative. The book describes a small place. This insight has shifted the whole debate in recent years. Consider Reverend M. T. Lamb’s criticisms in 886: An ordinary school boy who had studied geography with any attention, should have been able to form a plot and locate cities and lands in a way to conform in the main to the physical conformations of the country. . . . Not one of the physical peculiarities of either of these western continents is alluded to except the existence of the large lakes and “many fountains of waters,” in the northern part of the United States (the only portion of our country that our youthful prophet knew anything about). . . . The Book makes a large number of geographical statements that could not under any possible conditions or circumstances be true except upon some imaginary continent, of size and shape wholly unlike anything existing upon our world to-day, or that has ever existed since Noah’s flood. The facts are, my good Mormon brother—that Book has been proven a fraud beyond the possibility of question.¹²



Book of Mormon Origins

It should be clear that Reverend Lamb was precipitous in deploying geography to deliver the coup de grace to the Book of Mormon. The point is still being argued today, a century after his proclamation of the book’s demise. If Book of Mormon geography does not rise to the standards of an “ordinary school boy,” and if it bears no resemblance to obvious physical features, we should not expect to find any place for it in the Americas, but we do. Book of Mormon geography is a complex topic that covers swaths of both the Old and New Worlds. Recent studies demonstrate that the book’s description of Old World lands is precise, down to place names.¹³ The New World geography is less crisp, but not less impressive. The book provides over seven hundred references to its geography and is consistent from beginning to end, allowing construction of an internal geography.¹⁴ The book describes a narrow, hour-glass-shaped territory several hundred miles long that is sandwiched between eastern and western seas. John Sorenson has demonstrated that southern Mexico and northern Central America fit remarkably well the book’s geography in overall size, configuration, and location of physical features. His proposal for Book of Mormon geography is illustrated in figure 2. These highly credible Book of Mormon lands are tucked away where Joseph Smith never saw them and would never have found them. Contrary to Reverend Lamb and subsequent critics, the Book of Mormon does have a place in the Americas—just not a place in Joseph Smith’s experience. Book of Mormon geography fits a corner of the Americas Joseph did not know. Therefore, the book’s geography could not have derived from his personal experience. It follows that he dictated a book with complexities beyond his own comprehension.

“Finding the Time”: The Book of Mormon as American Prehistory After geographical considerations, the second major challenge for Book of Mormon correlations is history. Reverend Lamb found no support for the book’s claims as he understood them in 886.

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We have found that the entire ancient history of this western world is flatly against the claims in the Book of Mormon. . . . The entire civilization of the Book of Mormon, its whole record from beginning to end is flatly contradicted by the civilization and the history of Central America.¹⁵ Because current understandings of prehistory differ significantly from what was believed in Lamb’s day, they provide an independent check for Book of Mormon claims. For present purposes, the best place to search for histories matching those in the book is Mesoamerica. Peoples there had calendar systems. Evidence of these native calendars is doubly interesting because Joseph Smith’s critics have accused him of plagiarizing books that contain information on Hebrew and Aztec timekeeping, principally from Ethan Smith’s View of the Hebrews published in 825.¹⁶ Similarities between Amerindian and Hebrew months were taken long ago as evidence that American Indians descended from the Lost Ten Tribes,¹⁷ another idea Joseph supposedly pilfered. Neither accusation holds up. Timekeeping in the Book of Mormon differs from descriptions available in 829 of Hebrew and Indian lunar counts. Of greater interest, some peculiar details in the book correspond to Maya time-cycles discovered nearly sixty years after the book’s publication.¹⁸ As the consummate recordkeepers in Mesoamerica, the Maya erected numerous stone monuments in their cities that recorded the time elapsed since 34 bc, their year zero. Maya calculations were based on counting by twenties instead of our practice of counting by tens. The major cycle of Maya time was a four-hundred-year period called a baktun. The Book of Mormon records several references to a significant four-hundred-year prophecy,¹⁹ consistent with this idiosyncratic Mesoamerican calendar practice. This similarity in recording time in Mesoamerica and Book of Mormon times is reinforced by each group’s parallel narratives of sequential civilizations. Historic similarities include time, place, and content. Lamb relied on the best archaeology of his day to demonstrate a lack of correspondence between Book of Mormon claims and American

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antiquities. That was 886; what about 2005? The top of figure 3 displays the broad histories of Book of Mormon cities. Jaredite culture started towards the end of the third millennium bc, and its first cities were built later. The Jaredites vanished from the Book of Mormon record about 500–400 bc. Nephites arrived on the scene about 580 bc and disappeared about ad 400. Figure 3 juxtaposes Book of Mormon claims with current facts about Mesoamerica, and the trend is quite remarkable.²⁰ The Olmecs featured on this chart were not identified as a real culture until 942, and archaeologists did not know their true age until 967.²¹ If early critics cannot be faulted for failing to predict these discoveries, the Book of Mormon should not be denigrated for getting them right.

Figure 3. Comparative histories of Book of Mormon and Mesoamerican cities and civilizations.

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“Spread upon All the Face of the Land”: Populations in the Book of Mormon One perplexing issue in the Book of Mormon is its population counts. The numbers in the book have always looked out of kilter with traditional readings of the reproductive potential of its founding groups. In 834, E. D. Howe questioned how the Nephites had become so numerous in just forty years: He [Jacob, a first-generation Nephite] says that a hundredth part of the doings of these people could not be engraved on plates on the account of their having become so very numerous, . . . and all sprang from five or six females, in about forty years; . . . According to the most extravagant calculation, in point of increase among five or six females, the whole could not have amounted to more than about sixteen hundred.²² The close of the Nephite history is equally problematic in terms of the numbers, as aptly stated by Tyler Parsons in 84: This Mormon bulletin or sword fight with the Lamanites sets Napoleon Bonaparte all in the shade. The battle of Waterloo or Trafalgar is not a circumstance to this. Here is 230,000 of God’s people killed, but the 24 that General Mormon saved in his 0,000. The Mormons fought bravely, that’s a fact. Mormon says he was wounded. He gives us no account of the loss of the Lamanites, the black sceptics. Probably the Lord was on their side, and of course, as in old times, they did not lose a man.²³ Millions died in the final Jaredite wars, and at least half a million souls perished in the final Nephite and Lamanite battle, if one allows for Lamanite casualties. These statistics worry some analysts, but they should not. Estimating ancient populations is one of the most difficult tasks archaeologists undertake, and it may require another fifty years to reconstruct Mesoamerica’s demographic history.²⁴ Enough is known, however, to address some claims about lands and peoples. It is now known that the pan-American model of Book of Mormon geography was wrong and that the lands were actually small. A corollary of this insight is that the book does not describe all peoples on both continents. A further implication is even more

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important: Book of Mormon peoples who immigrated to the New World did not come to vacant lands.²⁵ Natives occupied American territories for millennia before Jaredites and Nephites arrived. The apparent rabbit-like population counts for early Nephites, therefore, are best explained by the Nephites’ incorporation of natives. The book does not provide a clear account of such associations, but this is an issue of record keeping, not of biological reproduction. At the closing chapter of their history, the astronomical casualty numbers that set Napoleon “all in the shade” may also reflect reporting practices as much as body counts. It is worth remembering that we are dealing with ancient books and their reporting practices, and not with yesterday’s newspaper. The Aztecs inflated their war numbers for the record; they described armies of 200,000 soldiers plus their support personnel,²⁶ the same size as Nephite armies. Although archaeology does not currently allow an assessment of Book of Mormon population counts, it is important to recognize that Mesoamerica was the most densely populated spot in the Americas and had millions of inhabitants,²⁷ an order of magnitude that supports the general plausibility of Book of Mormon demography. Crude population profiles can be constructed for the Jaredites and the lowland Olmecs.²⁸ The Olmec population grows and falls in respectable parallel to that of the Jaredites’ reported increase and demise. To summarize, in terms of its claims for lands, peoples, populations, and chronology, the Book of Mormon gets better than passing marks.

The Changing Face of Missing Evidence for the Book of Mormon As a final check of the book’s historical authenticity, I consider a long list of frequently voiced complaints. Standard arguments against the book concern things mentioned in the text not found archaeologically, such as gold plates. In past research, I considered sixty supposed blunders of the Book of Mormon as asserted by three popular nineteenth-century critics. I found that about 60 percent of those criticisms have been resolved in favor of the book.²⁹ This exercise

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was meant, however, only as an indicator of trends rather than as a valid, statistical sample of criticisms. Because I am now working with others to obtain a scientific sample of criticisms and a reliable statistic of the number of those that have been resolved, I will exclude the details of that preliminary study pending results of the broader analysis. A few comments on this ongoing research are appropriate here to establish the simple point of this paper: the Book of Mormon looks better with age. This project will catalog every criticism of the Book of Mormon published in English from 829 to 2004 related to historic details potentially verifiable through archaeology. We have already identified over ,000 criticisms from 50 sources for the nineteenth century, and we anticipate uncovering another thousand more fresh complaints for the twentieth century. This means that the original sample of sixty was only about 3 percent of published criticisms, so the number of confirmations from that sample should not be taken as conclusively indicative of the whole. As far as we are able, we will assess the validity and current status of each criticism—whether each is an accurate and fair reading of the text, has been confirmed or not, or is in the process of being confirmed. This list and its documentation, which exceeds the scope of this publication, will be made available elsewhere. The final percentage of confirmed and unconfirmed items relating to Book of Mormon claims will never be a fixed number, of course, because new criticisms of the book are devised each year, and science continues to recover evidence for items mentioned in the book. We will always be dealing with a “ballpark” number indicative of a trend. Many items mentioned in the Book of Mormon have not been and may never be verified through archaeology, but many have been. Verification is a one-way street in this instance. Positive and negative evidence do not count the same, as anyone tested for a serious medical condition knows. Given current means of verification, positive items are here to stay, but negative items may prove to be positive ones in hiding. “Missing” evidence focuses further research, but it lacks compelling logical force in arguments because it represents the absence of information rather than secure evidence.

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It is in this light that we should consider many arguments against the Book of Mormon. The most frequently mentioned deficiencies of the book concern the lack of hard evidence in the New World for the right time periods of precious metals, Old World animals and plants, and Book of Mormon place names and personal names. These deficiencies of negative evidence persist, for the most part, but they should not distract attention from the scores of other unusual items mentioned in the book which have been confirmed through archaeology—nor from the possibility that missing evidence may someday be found. The overall trend in the data over the past 75 years fits the expectations for the Book of Mormon as history rather than hoax. The Book of Mormon did not play well in Joseph Smith’s lifetime as ancient American history; Mormon missionaries got the worst of most debates on the merits of physical evidence in the 840s.³⁰ But that was decades before scientific archaeology appeared on the scene. Today, current science is more supportive because many claims made in the book have been substantiated. Given the number of complaints over the years and the range of evidence, quibbling over a point or two of fact will not alter this trend. As seen by science, the Book of Mormon is stronger today than it was in 830, 844, 950, or even 2000, so I expect it will continue to become stronger in the future. Claims in the book once thought absurd that have been confirmed in recent years include evidence in the Old World of steel swords and metal plates for the right time and place, and in the New World, a strain of domesticated barley, cement, military regalia, assorted weapons, Hebrew words, evidence of reading and writing, and multiple expectations for geography and history. Other probable items await full confirmation, including horses, Solomon-like temples, scimitars, large armies, a script that may qualify as reformed Egyptian, and the two hundred years of Nephite peace.³¹ The absolute percentages of confirmed items will change, of course, but not likely the pattern. If the book were a hoax, we would not expect any more than about percent of the items to be confirmed beyond random chance, but several hundred items supporting the book’s historical validity have already been verified.

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Evidences and Consequences What do these myriad facts and observations add up to? They constitute a strong case that the Book of Mormon is an ancient Mesoamerican record, an authentic old book. This conclusion harbors multiple ironies, two worth touching on in closing. First, if the book is an ancient Mesoamerican record, most past arguments for and against it have been wrongheaded. Second, if the book is authentic history, most biographies of Joseph Smith are deficient. Consider the book. For the first 20 years of debate, until 950, assumptions made by both sides were self-defeating. Critics assumed the book could be, and should be, read as American fantasy and that its moorings could be recovered in early New York and in Joseph Smith’s biography. If the book is a Mesoamerican record, however, it cannot be nineteenth-century fiction. The cultural worlds of ancient Mesoamerica and early New York are far enough apart that it ought to be simple to discover from which one the book came. The cultures described in the Book of Mormon fit much better in Mesoamerica than in New York for any century. For their part, Mormons have traditionally assumed that the book pertained to all peoples in the New World. But if the book describes only four groups from Middle America, it is not a blanket history of all the Americas. Arguments raised by critics through the years demonstrated the insufficiency of the Book of Mormon as universal history and helped Mormon scholars realize they had been misreading the book and overgeneralizing its claims. The book is a regional rather than a continental record. Now consider Joseph Smith. Friends and foes have used the book to take his measure. The view of the Book of Mormon as hoax distorts Joseph Smith beyond recognition and creates an impossible paradox, as follows. Early arguments—made at a time when the Book of Mormon remained virtually unread—were greatly flawed by insisting on trumped-up slanders that dismissed Joseph Smith as a lazy liar with a host of even more serious flaws.³² These ad hominem arguments left Joseph without sufficient skills to have written any book, let alone

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the Book of Mormon. Once the book’s complexity became public knowledge, however, it became logically impossible for detractors to derive the book from Joseph Smith. The second round of argumentation imagined intelligent co-conspirators and a plagiarized text. This raised the book’s authorial I.Q. but countered obvious facts that eventually leaked out and undermined the argument.³³ In the third and current round of reassessments, critical historians who returned Joseph Smith to his environment have identified over two hundred books from which Joseph could have cribbed an idea or two.³⁴ This would make the Book of Mormon something of a doctoral dissertation written by a slick, very well-read operator with photographic recall—but without the footnotes. Joseph has gone from being a fool to a genius or perhaps even more than that.³⁵ Ironically, it is Joseph’s critics, not his supporters, who have lately been according him phenomenal powers in their attempts to explain the Book of Mormon through his biography.³⁶ Although an improvement over base slanders, this swing in opinion lacks credibility or logic, and it does nothing to resolve the Book of Mormon problem. As Truman Madsen points out, a genius could no more have written the Book of Mormon than could a fool: How could any genius or set of geniuses in the nineteenth century concoct a book that is filled with stunning details, now confirmable, of the ancient cultures it claims to represent? By the use of Occam’s razor and David Hume’s rule that one only credits a “miraculous” explanation if alternatives are more miraculous, the simplest and least miraculous explanation is Joseph Smith’s: he translated an ancient record.³⁷ This is where archaeology intersects theology and history. The basic question to be resolved is this: What needs to be explained about Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon? The most remarkable things about the book are not the intricate plots, myriad characters, rich settings, or textual consistencies. Ordinary novelists and movie-makers create elaborate fantasy worlds every year. The Book of Mormon separates itself from all fantasy and fiction in its predictions about the past. Accurate predictions of a then unknown past beg explanation. Emerging facts from archaeology, as shown, confirm a

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trend of unusual and specific details in the book that could not have been known in any book or language in 829.³⁸ The continuing challenge is to explain how these facts made their way into the Book of Mormon. The two most likely answers are that they either had to be conveyed to Joseph Smith through supernatural means, or he had to guess each one individually and sequentially at virtually impossible odds. Thus, explanations of the book will need to admit God or the Devil into the equation, or grant supranatural clairvoyance or abilities to Joseph Smith. Latter-day Saints typically do not turn to extraordinary human abilities in explaining Joseph’s role in bringing forth the book, because they see God as doing most of the work, with Joseph Smith as His human conveyance. That Mormons are currently running a distant second to Joseph’s critics in praising his human abilities should give both parties pause. Accepting that Joseph translated a book beyond his and our comprehension is the beginning of wisdom. To understand Joseph Smith, all must take his limitations seriously. As I see it, Joseph Smith did not write the Book of Mormon, it cannot be understood through recourse to his biography, and his biography cannot be recovered by studying the book. The scientific trend of archaeological evidence of its historic facticity indicates that the Book of Mormon is what Joseph Smith claimed it was—an ancient book. It follows that no amount of scrutiny of the book will ever betray Joseph’s mind or heart because it is not mirrored in the text. It further follows that Joseph was neither a fool nor a genius, an imposter nor a liar. He was an honest man who told the truth about the book. The Book of Mormon is part of Joseph Smith’s story but not the window to his soul. It vouchsafes his claim to prophetic status, not to literary genius. The book was a product of his activity and obedience, not of his imagination.