*science!* I loved some of the science stuff I copied for you today and finally I couldn’t keep from yelling it, pasting *science!* Wed.9/6/17 Good Morning Brandon, At 3 pm yesterday I packed up and rode to the post office to be sure your letter got mailed. I included a copy of the cover of Mormon’s Codex by john l sorenson. What an amazing book and an amazing man and a fantastic title! Codex From Wikipedia, A codex (/ˈkoʊdɛks/) (from the Latin caudex for "trunk of a tree" or block of wood, book), plural codices (/ˈkɒdɪsiːs/), is a book constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials, with hand-written contents. [1] The book is usually bound by stacking the pages and fixing one edge, and using a cover thicker than the sheets. Some codices are continuously folded like a concertina. The alternative to paged codex format for a long document is the continuous scroll. Examples of folded codices include the Maya codices. Sometimes people use the term for a book-style format, including modern printed books but excluding folded books. The Romans developed the form from wooden writing tablets. The codex's gradual replacement of the scroll—the dominant book form in the ancient world—has been called the most important advance in book making before the invention of printing. [2] The codex transformed the shape of the book itself, and offered a form that lasted for centuries. [3] The spread of the codex is often associated with the rise of Christianity, which adopted the format for use with the Bible early on. [4] First described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised its convenient use, the codex achieved numerical parity with the scroll around AD 300, [5] and had completely replaced it throughout the now Christianised Greco-Roman world by the 6th century. The codex provides considerable advantages over other book formats: Compactness Sturdiness Economic use of materials by using both sides (recto and verso) Ease of reference (A codex accommodates random access, as opposed to a scroll, which uses sequential access.) The change from rolls to codices roughly coincides with the transition from papyrus to parchment as the preferred writing material, but the two developments are unconnected. In fact, any combination of codices and scrolls with papyrus and parchment is technically feasible and common in the historical record. [8] The codex began to replace the scroll almost as soon as it was invented. In Egypt, by the fifth century, the codex outnumbered the scroll by ten to one based on surviving examples. By the sixth century, the scroll had almost vanished as a medium for literature. [9] Technically, even modern paperbacks are codices, but publishers and scholars reserve the term for manuscript (hand-written) books produced from Late antiquity until the Middle Ages. The scholarly study of these manuscripts from the point of view of the bookbinding craft is called codicology. The study of ancient documents in general is called paleography. History: The Romans used precursors made of reusable wax-covered tablets of wood for taking notes and other informal writings. Two ancient polyptychs, a pentatych and octotych, excavated at Herculaneum used a unique connecting system that presages later sewing on of thongs or cords. [10] Julius Caesar(born: 13 July 100 BC)may have been the first Roman to reduce scrolls to bound pages in the form of a note-book, possibly even as a papyrus codex. [11] At the turn of the 1st century AD, a kind of folded parchment notebook called pugillares membranei in Latin became commonly used for writing in the Roman Empire. [12] Theodore Cressy Skeat theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then spread rapidly to the Near East. [13] Codices are described in certain works by the Classical Latin poet, Martial. He wrote a series of five couplets meant to accompany gifts of literature that Romans exchanged during the festival of Saturnalia. Three of these books are specifically described by Martial as being in the form of a codex; the poet praises the compendiousness of the form (as opposed to the scroll), as well the convenience with which such a book can be read on a journey. In another poem by Martial, the poet advertises a new edition of his works, specifically noting that it is printed as a codex, taking less space than a scroll and more comfortable to hold in one hand. According to Theodore Cressy Skeat, this might be the first recorded known case of an entire edition of a literary work (not just a single copy) being published in codex form, though it was likely an isolated case and was not a common practice until a much later time. [14] In his discussion of one of the earliest parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat’s notion when stating, “…its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory”, and that “early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt.” [15] Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent (Cicero Fam. 9.26.1). The parchment notebook pages were commonly washed or scraped for re-use (called a palimpsest) and consequently, writings in a codex were often considered informal and impermanent. As early as the early 2nd century, there is evidence that a codex—usually of papyrus—was the preferred format among Christians. In the library of the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum (buried in AD 79), all the texts (of Greek literature) are scrolls (see Herculaneum papyri). However, in the Nag Hammadi library, hidden about AD 390, texts (Gnostic Christian) are codices. Despite this comparison, a fragment of a non-Christian parchment codex of Demosthenes' De Falsa Legatione from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt demonstrates that the surviving evidence is insufficient to conclude whether Christians played a major or central role in the development of early codices—or if they simply adopted the format to distinguish themselves from Jews. The earliest surviving fragments from codices come from Egypt, and are variously dated (always tentatively) towards the end of the 1st century or in the first half of the 2nd. This group includes the Rylands Library Papyrus P52, containing part of St John's Gospel, and perhaps dating from between 125 and 160. [16] In Western culture, the codex gradually replaced the scroll. Between the 4th century, when the codex gained wide acceptance, and the Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th century, many works that were not converted from scroll to codex were lost. The codex improved on the scroll in several ways. It could be opened flat at any page for easier reading, pages could be written on both front and back (recto and verso), and the protection of durable covers made it more compact and easier to transport. The ancients stored codices with spines facing inward, and not always vertically. The spine could be used for the incipit, before the concept of a proper title developed in medieval times. Though most early codices were made of papyrus, papyrus was fragile and supplies from Egypt, the only place where papyrus grew and was made into paper, became scanty. The more durable parchment and vellum gained favor, despite the cost. The codices of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica had the same form as the European codex, but were instead made with long folded strips of either fig bark (amatl) or plant fibers, often with a layer of whitewash applied before writing. New World codices were written as late as the 16th century (see Maya codices and Aztec codices). Those written before the Spanish conquests seem all to have been single long sheets folded concertina-style, sometimes written on both sides of the local amatl paper.[v-special bark made into paper!] In East Asia, the scroll remained standard for far longer than in the Mediterranean world. There were intermediate stages, such as scrolls folded concertina-style and pasted together at the back and books that were printed only on one side of the paper. [17] Judaism still retains the Torah scroll, at least for ceremonial use. From scrolls to codex Among the experiments of earlier centuries, scrolls were sometimes unrolled horizontally, as a succession of columns. (The Dead Sea Scrolls are a famous example of this format.) This made it possible to fold the scroll as an accordion. The next step was then to cut the folios, sew and glue them at their centers, making it easier to use the papyrus or vellum recto-verso as with a modern book. Traditional bookbinders would call one of these assembled, trimmed and bound folios a codex to differentiate it from the case, which we now know as hard cover. Binding the codex was clearly a different procedure from binding the case. Preparing a codex:The first stage in creating a codex is to prepare the animal skin. The skin is washed with water and lime, but not together, and it has to soak in the lime for a couple of days. [18] The hair is removed and the skin is dried by attaching it to a frame called a herse. [19] The parchment maker attaches the skin at points around the circumference. The skin attaches to the herse by cords. To prevent tearing, the maker wraps the area of the skin the cord attaches to around a pebble called a pippin. [19] After completing that, the maker uses a crescent shaped knife called a lunarium or lunellum to clean any surviving hairs. Once the skin completely dries, the maker gives it a deep clean and processes it into sheets. The number of sheets from a piece of skin depends on the size of the skin and the final product dimensions. For example, the average calfskin can provide three and half medium sheets of writing material. This can be doubled when folded into two conjoint leaves, also known as a bifolium. Historians have found evidence of manuscripts where the scribe wrote down the medieval instructions now followed by modern membrane makers. [20] Defects can often be found in the membrane, whether from the original animal, human error during the preparation period, or from when the animal was killed. Defects can also appear during the writing process. Unless it is kept in perfect condition, defects can appear later in the manuscript’s life as well. Preparation of the pages for writing: First the membrane must be prepared. The first step is to set up the quires. The quire is a group of several sheets put together. Raymond Clemens and Timothy Graham point out, in "Introduction to Manuscript Studies", that “the quire was the scribe’s basic writing unit throughout the Middle Ages”. [19] They note “Pricking is the process of making holes in a sheet of parchment (or membrane) in preparation of it ruling. The lines were then made by ruling between the prick marks...The process of entering ruled lines on the page to serve as a guide for entering text. Most manuscripts were ruled with horizontal lines that served as the baselines on which the text was entered and with vertical bounding lines that marked the boundaries of the columns.” [19] [v- Brandon, can you believe this complex process just for a piece of paper! Why bother? ] Forming the quire From the Carolingian period and all the way up to the Middle Ages, different styles of folding the quire came about. For example, in mainland Europe throughout the Middle Ages, the quire was put into a system in which each side folded on to the same style. The hair side met the hair side and the flesh side to the flesh side. This was not the same style used in the British Isles, where the membrane was folded so that it turned out an eightleaf quire, with single leaves in the third and sixth positions. [19] The next stage was tacking the quire. Tacking is when the scribe would hold together the leaves in quire with thread. Once threaded together, the scribe would then sew a line of parchment up the “spine” of the manuscript, as to protect the tacking. @@What did you think of that article. That was the whole thing. Who would have thought. I only had a vague idea of the work involved. Since I no longer teach school my curiosity can explore lots of things. When you read an article like this there are 10 or 20 words you might want to look up along the way so it can make sense. Pompei was preserved and showed such a decadent civilization! But there were other cities around Mount Vesuvius that were destroyed as well. They weren’t so sinful. Why? Today I found out that Pompei was a military commander retreat, a vacation spot! Aha, no wonder! The codex article mentioned the city of Herculaneum. I knew it was a key word so I clicked on it and researched it too. Why would 79 AD be fascinating to us? Answer: This was the first century after Christ. This was the world, the times Christ lived in! I am shocked at all the information, knowledge, archealogical sites that have been preserved and can only be excavated as there are funds/ money. So there are tons of sites that have tons of work to be done! Would you like a couple of paragraphs about the city herculaneum? @@Herculaneum\From Wikipedia As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour, as well as for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Boscoreale, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it. Unlike Pompeii, the deep pyroclastic *science!* material which covered it preserved wooden and other organic-based objects such as roofs, beds, doors, food and even some 300 skeletons which were discovered in recent years along the seashore. It had been thought until then that the town had been evacuated by the inhabitants.\Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii, possessing an extraordinary density of fine houses with, for example, far more lavish use of coloured marble cladding.
History of Herculaneum[edit]\Ancient tradition connected Herculaneum with the name of the Greek hero Herakles (Hercules in Latin and consequently Roman Mythology),[1] an indication that the city was of Greek origin. In fact, it seems that some forefathers of the Samnite tribes of the Italian mainland founded the first civilization on the site of Herculaneum at the end of the 6th century BC. [v- I looked up Samnite. It was cool.] Soon after, the town came under Greek control and was used as a trading post because of its proximity to the Gulf of Naples. The Greeks named the city Ἡράκλειον, Heraklion. In the 4th century BC, Herculaneum again came under the domination of the Samnites. The city remained under Samnite control until it became a Roman municipium in 89 BC, when, having participated in the Social War ("war of the allies" against Rome), it was defeated by Titus Didius, a legate of Sulla.
After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres (50–60 feet) of ash. *science!* It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known, and notably following the Prince d'Elbeuf's explorations in the early 18th century.[2] Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible, although over 75% of the town remains buried. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina. It changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city.\The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius. Other important deities worshipped include Venus and Apollo.
The eruption of 79 AD[edit]Herculaneum and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.[Those 2 sentences go with the map!] Main article: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79
The catastrophic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August 79 AD. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years, it was no longer even recognized as a volcano. *science!*\Based on archaeological excavations and on two letters of Pliny the Younger to the Roman historian Tacitus, the course of the eruption can be reconstructed.[3]
At around 1pm on 24 August, Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky. *science!* When it reached the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere), the top of the cloud flattened, prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree. The prevailing winds at the time blew toward the southeast, *science!* causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area. Since Herculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius, it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption. *science!* While roofs in Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris, only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum, causing little damage but nonetheless prompting most inhabitants to flee.
During the following night, the eruptive column which had risen into the stratosphere collapsed onto Vesuvius and its flanks. The first pyroclastic surge, *science!* formed by a mixture of ash and hot gases, billowed through the mostly evacuated town of Herculaneum at 160 km/h (100 mph). A succession of six flows and surges buried the city's buildings, causing little damage in some areas and preserving structures, objects and victims almost intact. However, in other areas there was significant damage, knocking down walls, tearing away columns and other large objects;[4] a marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus near the baths was blown 15 m away and a carbonised skeleton was found lifted 2.5 m above ground level in the garden of the House of the Telephus Relief.[5]
Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum, heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to the surges, measuring at least 250 °C (482 °F) *science!* even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent, was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered within buildings.[6]
After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres (50–60 feet) of ash. *science!* It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known, and notably following the Prince d'Elbeuf's explorations in the early 18th century.[2] Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible, although over 75% of the town remains buried. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina. It changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city.\The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius. Other important deities worshipped include Venus and Apollo.
The eruption of 79 AD[edit]Herculaneum and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.[Those 2 sentences go with the map!] Main article: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79
The catastrophic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August 79 AD. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years, it was no longer even recognized as a volcano. *science!*\Based on archaeological excavations and on two letters of Pliny the Younger to the Roman historian Tacitus, the course of the eruption can be reconstructed.[3]
At around 1pm on 24 August, Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky. *science!* When it reached the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere), the top of the cloud flattened, prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree. The prevailing winds at the time blew toward the southeast, *science!* causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area. Since Herculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius, it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption. *science!* While roofs in Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris, only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum, causing little damage but nonetheless prompting most inhabitants to flee.
During the following night, the eruptive column which had risen into the stratosphere collapsed onto Vesuvius and its flanks. The first pyroclastic surge, *science!* formed by a mixture of ash and hot gases, billowed through the mostly evacuated town of Herculaneum at 160 km/h (100 mph). A succession of six flows and surges buried the city's buildings, causing little damage in some areas and preserving structures, objects and victims almost intact. However, in other areas there was significant damage, knocking down walls, tearing away columns and other large objects;[4] a marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus near the baths was blown 15 m away and a carbonised skeleton was found lifted 2.5 m above ground level in the garden of the House of the Telephus Relief.[5]
Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum, heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to the surges, measuring at least 250 °C (482 °F) *science!* even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent, was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered within buildings.[6]
@@ Brandon, was that cool or was that cool? What does this have to do with HF and the gospel of JC? Here I have spent a month studying “Mormon’s Codex” where poor detail starved John L Sorenson says over and over, When they finally excavate this we will know more! And then I go over to Her-Herculaneum and find a plethora of information. A perfectly preserved city under how many meters of ash/ lava? And this city is a bridge between Greek and Roman times! More cool stuff! @@ Did I tell you last week that death isn’t very far away and once I die, unless we are restricted by centuries I will be able to go visit with the brother of Jared, whose writing I have copied, and Ether and the inhabitants of Bountiful and know where everything really was! Does the spirit world seem that real to you? Here I am II everyday and all of it is for spirits in the spirit world! It seems very real and very close to me. HF plan seems so obvious and evident to me. This miserable life of endurance and torture with brief interludes of joy and happiness and excitement is for a purpose! It is a text. It will make us appreciate what life is like without difficulties, limitations, restrictions, worries, pain. . . eternal life. Which of those uglies could you write a book about? How about boredom and unproductivity? If I could give you a gift besides happiness and eternal life I would like to give you access to Wikipedia. Sounds silly i know. I like being silly. But you could find out so much stuff!!!@@So
the first day at 1pm Mount Vesuvius explodes up into space. The
citizens of Her wonder if that is all? Then in the middle of the next
night they get glued/ cooked in place! Were all those people in the
boat houses waiting to escape? Isn’t that one of the grungiest
pictures you have ever seen? Oh my goodness! @@By David
Derbyshire12:00AM BST 19 Apr 2001
AFTER 12 hours huddled in the
beachside boat houses, the refugees from Herculaneum had probably
assumed that the worst was over.
Vesuvius had been erupting all day and, apart from the hail of pumice, there seemed to be no obvious danger. Yet as the 300 men, women and children sat in the semi-darkness debating whether to return to their homes or flee down the coast, a scorching cloud of superheated volcanic ash burst into the crowded shelters. They were instantly fried alive.
More than 1,900 years later archaeologists have learnt how some of the townsfolk died. In Nature they report on an analysis of 30 skeletons excavated in the 1980s and 1990s. The people of Herculaneum were unaware that their town, a resort for wealthy Romans, was in the shadow of an active volcano. Vesuvius had not erupted for centuries and the series of earthquakes 17 years before had not been linked to it.
Then, in 79AD, explosions began the best-documented eruption of antiquity. For 12 hours, according to Pliny, the volcano sent up a column of ash and hot gas and hurled out hot stones and pumice. Most of the 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants appear to have evacuated the city. Since the first excavations in the 18th century, few bodies have been found in Herculaneum. Many fled to the beach, probably to escape by boat. Others waited in 12 boat huts, each about 100ft square.
The study of their remains shows that the column of gas and ash from the volcano collapsed, sending a 500C pyrosclastic surge through the town and to the waterfront. The cloud dropped down the 60ft cliff and blasted the shelters. The relaxed postures of the skeletons suggest that they died instantly from heat shock and not suffocation. The hot cloud vaporised their flesh and then covered their remains with volcanic ash.
A team led by Dr Alberto Incoronato, of the University of Naples Federico II, studied 80 skeletons taken from ash that had solidified. These showed no signs of a "voluntary self-protective reaction or agony contortions, indicating that their vital organs must have stopped within a shorter time than the conscious reaction time. The cloud was a mixture of hot gas and ash." He said: "It caused little damage in the town itself but killed these people instantly."
The position of the victims suggested that the ash expanded slightly and then deflated, becoming denser and smothering the remains. Some people had fractures and holes blown into their skulls by the heat. The patterns of cracks in tooth enamel and patterns in the bones suggest 500C temperatures.
Dr Pier Petrone, a co-author of the study, said: "It is the first time that there is the possibility to study a group of people who did not die from illness or age. It is a cross section of a living population." The victims were mostly young adults or children and babies, he added. The boat chambers were crowded, with one containing more than 40 skeletons.
Herculaneum was a favoured holiday destinations of Romans. Merchants and landowners often had second homes in the shadow of Vesuvius. Most workers in the towns were employed in agriculture, fishing or trade industries.@@ So Brandon I am reading volume 3 of Modesitt’s RECLUSE series. The protagonist is so sweet. When I prayed last night I asked HF why I was feeling so touched, so near to tears. Just greeting him in prayer almost had me cry. What was going on? Where was this coming from? Then I realized that the protagonist is Christlike, immature Christlike. He can even heal and he gets sick inside at any unkindness or dishonesty, he can’t even fib/ lie/ or distort the truth without getting a headache! How are you supposed to barter and bargain for prices without exaggerating? He gets made fun of by his friend girl because he is so meek and candid and can’t tease. The antagonist is so powerful he has been making a mountain range without disturbing the mage road. Chaos versus Order. Two opposite types of magic. The Italians around Vesuvius had no clue that the earthquakes from 7 years before were warnings of an impending eruption/ explosion. Puny little man can do little to protect against the ultimate power of God. He controls tectonic plates. He controls tornados and hurricanes, he controls the rotation of the earth! Do you think he could really stop the rotation of the earth? Could he move the earth from Kolob to Sol? And eventually back again? Could the earth be rolled together as a scroll? Looking at the people in Her and imagining that day reminds us who really does have the power. And which of us can sidestep death, anyway?
Vesuvius had been erupting all day and, apart from the hail of pumice, there seemed to be no obvious danger. Yet as the 300 men, women and children sat in the semi-darkness debating whether to return to their homes or flee down the coast, a scorching cloud of superheated volcanic ash burst into the crowded shelters. They were instantly fried alive.
More than 1,900 years later archaeologists have learnt how some of the townsfolk died. In Nature they report on an analysis of 30 skeletons excavated in the 1980s and 1990s. The people of Herculaneum were unaware that their town, a resort for wealthy Romans, was in the shadow of an active volcano. Vesuvius had not erupted for centuries and the series of earthquakes 17 years before had not been linked to it.
Then, in 79AD, explosions began the best-documented eruption of antiquity. For 12 hours, according to Pliny, the volcano sent up a column of ash and hot gas and hurled out hot stones and pumice. Most of the 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants appear to have evacuated the city. Since the first excavations in the 18th century, few bodies have been found in Herculaneum. Many fled to the beach, probably to escape by boat. Others waited in 12 boat huts, each about 100ft square.
The study of their remains shows that the column of gas and ash from the volcano collapsed, sending a 500C pyrosclastic surge through the town and to the waterfront. The cloud dropped down the 60ft cliff and blasted the shelters. The relaxed postures of the skeletons suggest that they died instantly from heat shock and not suffocation. The hot cloud vaporised their flesh and then covered their remains with volcanic ash.
A team led by Dr Alberto Incoronato, of the University of Naples Federico II, studied 80 skeletons taken from ash that had solidified. These showed no signs of a "voluntary self-protective reaction or agony contortions, indicating that their vital organs must have stopped within a shorter time than the conscious reaction time. The cloud was a mixture of hot gas and ash." He said: "It caused little damage in the town itself but killed these people instantly."
The position of the victims suggested that the ash expanded slightly and then deflated, becoming denser and smothering the remains. Some people had fractures and holes blown into their skulls by the heat. The patterns of cracks in tooth enamel and patterns in the bones suggest 500C temperatures.
Dr Pier Petrone, a co-author of the study, said: "It is the first time that there is the possibility to study a group of people who did not die from illness or age. It is a cross section of a living population." The victims were mostly young adults or children and babies, he added. The boat chambers were crowded, with one containing more than 40 skeletons.
Herculaneum was a favoured holiday destinations of Romans. Merchants and landowners often had second homes in the shadow of Vesuvius. Most workers in the towns were employed in agriculture, fishing or trade industries.@@ So Brandon I am reading volume 3 of Modesitt’s RECLUSE series. The protagonist is so sweet. When I prayed last night I asked HF why I was feeling so touched, so near to tears. Just greeting him in prayer almost had me cry. What was going on? Where was this coming from? Then I realized that the protagonist is Christlike, immature Christlike. He can even heal and he gets sick inside at any unkindness or dishonesty, he can’t even fib/ lie/ or distort the truth without getting a headache! How are you supposed to barter and bargain for prices without exaggerating? He gets made fun of by his friend girl because he is so meek and candid and can’t tease. The antagonist is so powerful he has been making a mountain range without disturbing the mage road. Chaos versus Order. Two opposite types of magic. The Italians around Vesuvius had no clue that the earthquakes from 7 years before were warnings of an impending eruption/ explosion. Puny little man can do little to protect against the ultimate power of God. He controls tectonic plates. He controls tornados and hurricanes, he controls the rotation of the earth! Do you think he could really stop the rotation of the earth? Could he move the earth from Kolob to Sol? And eventually back again? Could the earth be rolled together as a scroll? Looking at the people in Her and imagining that day reminds us who really does have the power. And which of us can sidestep death, anyway?
No comments:
Post a Comment